In a recent technical update, Heffron managing director Meg Heffron said avoiding pitfalls actually starts well before the binding death benefit nomination is prepared; it starts with the fund’s trust deed.
One of the most important traps to avoid is having a trust deed that doesn’t clearly spell out some critical things about binding death benefit nominations (BDBNs).
“SMSFs are currently considered to have significant flexibility when it comes to BDBNs – for example, they can last indefinitely and they are not automatically subject to the same rules about witnessing as in large funds,” she said
“But the trust deed does need to make it clear what the requirements are and then they need to be followed.
“Unfortunately several court cases looking at trust deeds that were a bit vague here and just referred to doing things ‘in line with the relevant legislation’ found that this meant the usual rules for large funds also applied to those SMSFs. This includes a requirement that they expire after three years.”
Ms Heffron said the second pitfall to avoid is having a BDBN that contradicts another arrangement relating to death that the member already has in place.
“The most common one here is that when a member sets up a pension, they will often specify that the pension is to continue to (say) their spouse when the member dies (a ‘reversionary pension’),” she noted.
“It’s a bit of a disaster if the member also has a BDBN saying that their super is to go to their estate when they die. In that scenario, what should happen to the pension if the member dies? Should it continue to the surviving spouse or be stopped and paid to the member’s estate?”
This can also create impacts on the trust deed where having a trust deed doesn’t make it clear which document “wins” when there is a conflict, whether it’s the BDBN or the pension establishment documents.
There are good arguments to make in favour of either approach, Ms Heffron explained. The important thing is to make sure that it’s clear one way or the other.
Another emerging pitfall to avoid is having a BDBN that gives a lousy outcome, according to Ms Heffron.
“For example, we routinely see BDBNs that stipulate super is to go to the member’s estate and yet there is a surviving spouse. It is almost always beneficial for the spouse to at least have the option of taking the super they inherit as a pension. A BDBN to the estate rules out that option,” she said.
“Or what about a BDBN that specifies the super is to go to the adult, financially independent children rather than the spouse? Money paid to the children will be taxed while anything inherited by the spouse is tax free.”
“Even if there is no spouse to receive the super, there can still be downsides to a BDBN that stipulates the super is to go directly to the children rather than the estate. It can result in more tax – people pay the Medicare levy but estates don’t.”
For example, Tim and Sarah (42 and 44, respectively) receive a $1 million super inheritance from their 75-year-old father’s SMSF. All his super came from contributions by his employer and earnings – he has never made any contributions from his own money for which he has not claimed a tax deduction.
Ms Heffron noted that if this money is paid directly to Tim and Sarah, they will not only pay a terrifying amount of tax ($150,000) but the benefit will also incur the Medicare levy ($20,000).
“In contrast, if the benefit was paid to the estate, Medicare is not paid at all. We normally think of Medicare as being a fairly small cost because it’s applied to income,” she explained.
“But don’t forget, when it comes to paying tax on death benefits, it’s effectively being applied to some or all of the capital.”
This also links back to the problem where a BDBN can’t actually be followed. Again, a common problem that is seen is where the super is to be paid to a sibling or a parent, according to Ms Heffron.
“It’s common for neither to be eligible to receive super monies because death benefits must be paid to either the estate or a very limited group of people who are considered ‘dependants’ for super law purposes,” she added.
“Generally siblings and parents aren’t on the list. The only time a super death benefit can be paid to someone like a sibling or parent is if there are no dependants at all and no estate is formed. This is rare.
“It might be even worse if the BDBN required the super to be split between (say) a son and a brother. Then only some of the instructions are valid. What does the trust deed say about that? If the BDBN can’t be followed in full, is the whole document invalid or just the instructions that can’t be followed. Again, the trust deed becomes critical.”
Ultimately, BDBNs that don’t consider all possibilities can be a disaster, Ms Heffron said.
“Think about a BDBN that says the super is to be divided evenly between the member’s two children, Fred and Mary. What if Mary died before the member? Unless the BDBN actually covers that (for example, by stipulating that Mary’s share will go to her own children if she has predeceased her parent), the BDBN will quite possibly mean all the super goes to Fred,” Ms Heffron continued.
“My personal (and probably unpopular) view is that template BDBNs are right up there with will kits from a newsagent. Doing something as important as creating a legally binding instruction for your super without proper estate planning advice is likely to end up in tears.”
Heffron has recently devoted a whole section in the Heffron Super Companion to dealing with death benefits along with even more valuable content in “Under the Microscope”.
