Although ASIC provided few details of what this inappropriate use involved and there was no specific mention of SMSFs being targeted, it is a timely reminder for financial advisers and accountants that they need to be aware of how an accountant's certificate can be used under the wholesale client rules – and the difficulties that can arise with SMSF clients.

What is an accountant's certificate?

One of the means of classifying a client as a wholesale client for the purposes of the financial services laws is to obtain a certificate from an accountant to the effect that the

client meets either the income or assets individual wealth tests. However, these tests are not straightforward and raise a number of issues when the client is an SMSF.

What is the distinction between wholesale and retail clients?

The distinction between wholesale and retail clients has been a fundamental part of the financial services laws since the 2004 Financial Services Reform legislation. Under those laws a person is either a wholesale client or a retail client in relation to a particular financial product or service. A client is required to be treated as a retail client unless the financial services legislation permits otherwise.

The distinction between wholesale and retail clients has a number of significant effects under the financial services laws. Many of the disclosure and conduct rules do not apply in relation to wholesale clients. Some products are also only open to investment by wholesale clients.

When is it permissible to treat an SMSF client as wholesale?

An SMSF must have one of two trustee structures:

● Corporate trustee – each member must be a director of the trustee. A single member SMSF may have either one or two directors – the second director being either a relative or person who is not an employer of the member; or

● Individual trustees – for a multiple-member SMSF each member must be an individual trustee. For a single member SMSF there must be two individual trustees – the second trustee being either a relative or person who is not an employer of the member.

At law, the SMSF trust fund is itself not a legal entity and the status of the fund's trustee(s) as a wholesale client needs to be looked at rather than the trust itself.

Where the SMSF has a corporate trustee then the company is the client and it is the status of the company that needs to be considered.

Where the SMSF has individual trustees then the client is the joint individual trustees. It is crucial in this regard to keep in mind that individual trustees must be considered as a joint entity and not as the sum of their individual circumstances. For example, in the NSW case of Sky v Body [(1970) 92 WN (NSW) 934 per Street J]:

"Inherent in the basic system of trusts is the principle that trustees must act unanimously. They do not hold several offices – they hold a single, joint, inseparable office."

What are the wholesale client eligibility tests?

The legislation creates five classes of eligibility to be a wholesale client. Only one of these classes, the individual wealth tests, requires certification by accountants.

The individual wealth tests are frequently used by financial advisers as they are relatively straightforward tests and the adviser can rely on the certification provided by the accountant. While many SMSFs will have the necessary level of assets or income within the fund, the controlled entity rules also offer scope to include assets or income additional to those of the SMSF.

As noted above, it is crucial in this regard to keep in mind that individual trustees must be considered as a joint entity and not as the sum of their individual circumstances. Therefore, it is only assets or income that the individual trustees jointly own that can be counted towards the individual wealth tests.

For example, a husband and wife who were individual trustees of an SMSF could also include the value of the family home if they owned it jointly. Similarly, if they were joint trustees of a family trust. However, if the wife owned an investment property in her own name then this could not be included.

What is individual wealth?

The individual wealth tests require a person to have either:

● Net assets of at least $2.5 million; or

● Gross income for each of the last two financial years of at least $250,000, as certified by an accountant.

The accountant's certificate lasts for two years before requiring renewal. There is no particular form specified for the certificate. However, ASIC issued a template certificate in 2006 which is available here.

How are controlled entities included?

The individual wealth tests have an extended operation in relation to controlled entities such that:

● In determining the net assets or gross income of a person the net assets or gross income of a company or trust controlled by that person can be included. This has obvious application in relation to an SMSF given that such funds are established as

trusts.

● If a person is eligible to be a wholesale client under any of the eligibility tests, then a company or trust controlled by that person is also a wholesale client even if they do not otherwise qualify.

Control is defined as the capacity of one entity to determine the outcome of decisions about another entity's financial and operating policies. It is possible that more than one person or entity may meet the legal meaning of control in relation to a subject entity at the one time.

Who can control an SMSF?

The trustees of an SMSF legally own and, therefore, clearly control the assets of the SMSF which means that the income and assets of the fund can be included for the purposes of whether the trustees themselves meet the individual wealth test.

However, can an SMSF be also controlled by a person other than the trustee? If so, and that person is themselves a wholesale client, then the trustee of an SMSF will also be a wholesale client as trustee of a controlled trust.

Due to the nature of the superannuation rules it is unlikely that such control could be shown other than in limited circumstances. For example, an individual trustee of an SMSF would be unlikely to control the SMSF as there must always be another individual trustee of the SMSF. As the individual trustees must act unanimously none of them would have individual control of the SMSF — they would always require the other trustees to agree to any course of action that was proposed in relation to the SMSF.

A similar lack of control would exist between the multiple directors of the corporate trustee of an SMSF. However, it is possible to have a single director trustee company. A single member SMSF with a corporate trustee that had that member as sole director and shareholder would be controlled by the member.

Also, keep in mind that control can exist outside of the recognised legal structures to encompass the puppet-master situation where an individual exerts influence behind the scenes. By its nature, it can be difficult for a third party such as an accountant to identify whether such a situation exists in practice – an interesting example can be found in the AAT decision in Gutteridge v CoT [2013] AATA 947.

David Court, partner, Holley Nethercote Commercial & Financial Services Lawyers